I ka ulu ʻana o ka moʻomeheu, piʻi ka ikaika e kākoʻo i ko mākou ʻano o ke ola i kēlā me kēia lā, e koi ana iā mākou e ʻimi i nā ala hou a me nā ala hou e hoʻohana ai i kā mākou mau kumuwaiwai hou, e like me ka lā, e hoʻonui i ka ikehu no ko mākou kaiāulu e hoʻomau i ka holomua.
Hāʻawi ka lā a hiki i ke ola ma ko mākou honua no nā kenekulia. Inā pololei a ʻaʻole pololei paha, ʻae ka lā i ka hana ʻana i nā kumu ikehu a pau i ʻike ʻia e like me ka fossil fuels, hydro, wind, biomass, etc. piʻi aʻe ko mākou ʻano o ke ola i kēlā me kēia lā, e koi ana iā mākou e ʻimi i nā ala hou a me nā ala hou e hoʻohana ai i kā mākou mau kumuwaiwai hou, e like me ka lā o ka lā, e hoʻonui i ka ikehu no ko mākou kaiāulu e hoʻomau i ka holomua.
E like me ka honua kahiko ua hiki iā mākou ke ola me ka ikehu o ka lā, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lā ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā hale i kūkulu ʻia ma mua o 6,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka hale i hiki i ka lā ke hele i nā puka i hana ʻia e like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻomehana. He mau kaukani makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻohana ka poʻe ʻAigupita a me Helene i ke ʻano hana like e mālama ai i ko lākou mau hale i ke kauwela ma ka pale ʻana iā lākou mai ka lā [1]. ʻO ka wela i loko. ʻAʻole pono ka lā no ka wela i hana ʻia i ka honua kahiko, akā ua hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana a mālama i ka meaʻai ma o ka paʻakai. i loko o nā loko o ka lā [1]. I ka hopena o Renaissance, ua noi ʻo Leonardo da Vinci i ka noi ʻoihana mua o ka concave mirror solar concentrators e like me nā mea hoʻomehana wai, a ma hope ua noi ʻo Leonardo i ka ʻenehana o ka welding copper me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāhawewe lā a me ka ʻae ʻana i nā hoʻonā ʻenehana e holo i nā mīkini lole [1]. ʻAʻole koke i ka wā o ka Industrial Revolution, ua hana ʻo W. Adams i ka mea i kapa ʻia i kēia manawa he umu lā. Hoʻopili ʻia e nā aniani i loko o kahi pahu lāʻau i uhi ʻia i ke aniani kahi e waiho ʻia ai ka ipuhao a e hoʻolapalapa [1]. E wikiwiki i mua i kekahi mau haneli mau makahiki a ua kūkulu ʻia ka ʻenekini mahu lā ma kahi o 1882 [1]. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Abel Pifre i ke aniani concave 3.5 m i ke anawaena a ua kau ʻia ma luna o ka paila mahu cylindrical i hoʻopuka i ka mana kūpono e hoʻokele ai i ka mīkini paʻi.
I ka makahiki 2004, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka mea kanu mana o ka lā i kapa ʻia ʻo Planta Solar 10 ma Seville, Sepania. Hōʻike ʻia ka lā ma luna o kahi hale kiaʻi ma kahi o 624 mika, kahi e hoʻokomo ʻia ai nā mea hoʻokipa lā me nā turbines a me nā mea hana. i ka mana ma mua o 5,500 mau hale. Aneane he ʻumi makahiki ma hope, i ka makahiki 2014, ua wehe ʻia ka hale mana nui o ka lā ma Kaleponi, USA. 1].
ʻAʻole wale nā hale hana i kūkulu ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia, akā ke hana nei nā mea kūʻai aku ma nā hale kūʻai kūʻai aku i nā ʻenehana hou. Ua hoʻomaka nā panela solar i kā lākou hoʻomaka mua, a hiki i nā kaʻa i hana ʻia i ka lā, akā ʻo kekahi o nā mea hou e hoʻolaha ʻia ʻo ia ka lā hou- ʻenehana hiki ke hoʻohana i ka mana.Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi pilina USB a i ʻole nā mea hana ʻē aʻe, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohui mai nā lole i nā mea like me nā kumu, kelepona a me nā pepeiao pepeiao, hiki ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia ma ka hele. Ua wehewehe ʻo Institute a me Torah Industries i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi cell solar organic lahilahi e paʻi i nā lole ma luna o nā lole, e ʻae ana i ke kelepona e hoʻomoʻi i ka ikehu o ka lā a hoʻohana iā ia ma ke ʻano he kumu mana [2] ]. paʻa a hiki i ka 120 °C [2]. ʻO nā lālā o ka hui noiʻi e pili ana i nā cell photovoltaic organik ma kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo PNTz4T [3]. ʻO PNTz4T kahi polymer semiconducting i hoʻomohala mua ʻia e Riken no ka maikaʻi en en.ʻO ke kūpaʻa o ke kino a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mana kiʻekiʻe, a laila uhi ʻia nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ke kelepona me ka elastomer, kahi mea e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau [3]. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia elastomer e kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pōʻino o ka pākaukau ponoʻī a hoʻolōʻihi i kona ola [3].
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana loa o ka ʻoihana ʻo ka wai. ʻO ka degeneration o kēia mau cell e hiki ke hana ʻia e nā kumu like ʻole, akā ʻo ka mea nui ka wai, ka ʻenemi maʻamau o kekahi ʻenehana. o nā pūnaewele photovoltaic organik [4]. ʻOiai hiki iā ʻoe ke pale i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai ma kāu kamepiula a kelepona paha i ka nui o nā hihia, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke pale aku me kou mau lole. kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa organic photovoltaic cell a me ka lua-ʻaoʻao coated organic photovoltaic cell, elua organik photovoltaic cell ua hoʻokomo 'ia i loko o ka wai no 120 minuke, ua hoʻoholo 'ia ka mana o ka noa-kū organik photovoltaic cell ua ho'ēmi wale 'ia ka pono o ka hoʻololi 'ana. 5.4%.Ua emi iho na kinikini e 20.8% [5].
Kiʻi 1. Hoʻololi ka mana hoʻololi maʻamau ma ke ʻano he hana o ka manawa immersion. ʻO nā pahu hewa ma ka pakuhi e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ka mana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mana mua i kēlā me kēia hale [5].
Hōʻike ka Figure 2 i kahi hoʻomohala ʻē aʻe ma Nottingham Trent University, kahi mea liʻiliʻi solar cell i hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi wili, a laila ulana ʻia i loko o kahi textile [2]. ʻO kēlā me kēia pākaukau i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka huahana e hoʻokō i kekahi mau koi no ka hoʻohana ʻana, e like me nā koi o ka. 3mm ka lōʻihi a me ka 1.5mm laula [2]. Hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana me kahi resin wai e hiki ai ke holoi ʻia i ka holoi lole i loko o ka lumi holoi a i ʻole ma muli o ka wā [2]. ala ʻaʻole e hoʻohūhū a hoʻonāukiuki paha i ka ʻili o ka mea hoʻohana. Ma ka noiʻi hou ʻana ua ʻike ʻia i loko o kahi ʻāpana lole liʻiliʻi e like me ka ʻāpana 5cm^2 o ka lole hiki ke loaʻa ma luna o 200 mau keena, kūpono i ka 2.5 - 10 volts o ka ikehu, a Ua hoʻoholo ʻia aia he 2000 wale nō nā kelepona pono e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā kelepona [2].
Kiʻi 2. Micro solar cell 3 mm ka lōʻihi a me 1.5 mm ākea (kiʻi ʻia e Nottingham Trent University) [2].
Hoʻohui nā lole Photovoltaic i ʻelua polymers māmā a me nā kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa e hana i nā textiles e hoʻoulu ai i ka ikehu. ʻO ka mua o nā mea ʻelua he micro solar cell, kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka ikehu mai ka lā, a ʻo ka lua he nanogenerator, e hoʻohuli i ka ikehu mechanical i ka uila [ 6]. ʻO ka ʻāpana photovoltaic o ka lole he mau polymer fibers, a laila uhi ʻia me nā papa o ka manganese, zinc oxide (kahi photovoltaic material), a me ka iodide keleawe (no ka hōʻiliʻili uku) [6]. he uwea keleawe liʻiliʻi a hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ke kapa.
ʻO ka mea huna ma hope o kēia mau hana hou aia i loko o nā electrodes māmā o nā mea photovoltaic hikiwawe. e hana i kēia mau electrodes akaka, i hoʻohana ʻia no kona ʻike pono (> 80%) a me ka pale ʻana o ka pepa maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa kūlohelohe maikaʻi loa [7. ʻO ka mānoanoa i hui pū ʻia me ka ʻike a me ke kūpaʻa e hoʻonui i nā hopena o nā electrodes [7]. ʻO kēlā me kēia fluctuations i ka ratio e hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā electrodes a pēlā ka hana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ITO he kumu waiwai palena ʻole e hoʻopau koke ʻia.ITO, akā manaʻo ʻia e ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hana o ITO [7].
ʻO nā mea e like me ka polymer substrates i hoʻololiʻia me nā'enekene conductive transparent ua ulu i ka kaulana a hiki i kēia manawa. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua hōʻikeʻia kēia mau substrate i ka brittle, ka paʻakikī a me ke kaumaha, kahi e ho'ēmi nui ai i ka maʻalahi a me ka hana [7]. me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele lā e like me ka fiber maʻalahi e like me ke pani ʻana o ka electrode. ʻO kahi pākahiko fibrous he electrode a me ʻelua mau uwea metala ʻokoʻa i wili ʻia a hui pū ʻia me kahi mea hana e pani ai i ka electrode [7]. , akā ʻo ka pilikia ʻo ka nele o ka wahi hoʻopili ma waena o nā uea metala, e hōʻemi ana i ka wahi hoʻopili a no laila ke hopena i ka hana photovoltaic degraded [7].
ʻO nā kumu kaiapuni kekahi mea hoʻoikaika nui no ka noiʻi hoʻomau. I kēia manawa, hilinaʻi nui ka honua i nā kumu ikehu hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi hou ʻia e like me nā wahie mōʻalihaku, lanahu a me ka ʻaila. He waiwai waiwai ia no ka wā e hiki mai ana. I kēlā me kēia lā e hoʻopaʻa ana nā miliona o ka poʻe i kā lākou kelepona, kamepiula, laptops, smartwatches a me nā mea uila a pau, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā mākou mau lole e hoʻopaʻa i kēia mau mea hana ma ka hele wāwae wale nō e hōʻemi i kā mākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahie mōʻalihaku. He mea koʻikoʻi ma kahi pānaʻi liʻiliʻi o 1 a i ʻole 500 poʻe, ke hoʻonui ʻia i ka ʻumi miliona hiki ke hōʻemi nui i kā mākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahie fossil.
ʻO nā panela o ka lā i nā mea kanu lā, me nā mea i kau ʻia ma luna o nā hale, ua ʻike ʻia e kōkua i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu hou a hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahie mōʻalihaku, i hoʻohana nui ʻia. ʻAmelika. kūkulu i kēia mau mahiʻai. Hiki i ka ʻohana maʻamau ke kākoʻo i kahi helu o nā panela lā, a ua kaupalena ʻia ka helu o nā māla lā. a me ka hiki o nā manawa ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻāina, e like me nā ʻoihana hou. He nui ka nui o nā mea hoʻonohonoho photovoltaic e lana ana i hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka nui o ka uila i kēia manawa, a ʻo ka pōmaikaʻi nui o nā mahiʻai lā e lana ai ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai [8]. ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻāina, ʻaʻohe pono e hopohopo e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻokomo ma luna o nā hale a me nā hale.s hiki ke kau i kēia mau mahiʻai ma nā kino wai maoli.He nui nā mea maikaʻi i loko o ka moana i loko o nā waihona wai hana. nā mahiʻai lā ma ka ʻāina ma muli o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka wela ma waena o ka wai a me ka ʻāina [9]. ka hana o ka hoololi ana o ka panela solar. 'Oiai 'a'ole e ho'omalu ka mahana i ka nui o ka lā e loa'a ai i ka paneli, pili ia i ka nui o ka ikehu i loa'a mai ka lā. he wahi hoʻomaha, a laila i ka wā e pa ai ka lā, hiki lākou i kahi kūlana hauʻoli [10]. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka mokuʻāina hoʻomaha a me ke kūlana hauʻoli ʻo ia ka nui o ka ikehu i hana ʻia i ka volta. ʻAʻole hiki i ka sunlight hoʻonanea i kēia mau electrons, akā hiki nō ke wela. Inā hoʻoikaika ka wela a puni ka panela solar i nā electrons a hoʻokomo iā lākou i kahi kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole e like ka nui o ka uila i ka wā e pā ai ka lā i ka panel [10]. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wela ma mua o ka wai, ʻo nā electrons i loko o ka panel solar ma ka ʻāina aia paha i kahi kūlana hauʻoli kiʻekiʻe, a laila aia ka panel solar ma luna a kokoke paha i kahi kino wai i ʻoi aku ka maʻalili. ʻO ka wai a puni nā papa lana e kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikehu 12.5% ma mua o ka ʻāina [9].
I kēia manawa, hālāwai nā panela lā i ka 1% wale nō o ka pono o ka ikehu o ʻAmelika, akā inā e kanu ʻia kēia mau mahiʻai lā a hiki i ka hapaha o nā waihona wai i hana ʻia e ke kanaka, e hālāwai ana nā panela lā ma kahi o 10% o nā pono ikehu o ʻAmelika. Ma Colorado, kahi e lana ai. Ua hoʻokomo koke ʻia nā panela i ka hikiwawe loa, ʻelua mau waihona wai nui ma Colorado i nalowale i ka nui o ka wai ma muli o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, akā ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kēia mau panela lana, ua pale ʻia nā waihona mai ka maloʻo ʻana a ua hana ʻia ka uila [11]. ʻOiai hoʻokahi pakeneka o ke kanaka. -ʻo nā waihona i hoʻolako ʻia me nā mahiʻai lā e lawa no ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma kahi o 400 gigawatts o ka uila, lawa i ka mana 44 biliona mau ʻōpuʻu kukui LED no hoʻokahi makahiki.
Hōʻike ka Figure 4a i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka mana i hāʻawi ʻia e ka cell floating solar e pili ana i ka Figure 4b. ʻOiai he kakaikahi nā māla lā e lana ana i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala aku nei, ke hana nei lākou i kahi ʻokoʻa nui i ka hana mana. ʻoi aku ka nui, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka nui o ka ikehu i hana ʻia e pākolu mai 0.5TW i 2018 a i 1.1TW ma ka hopena o 2022.[12].
ʻO ka ʻōlelo kaiapuni, ua pōmaikaʻi kēia mau mahiʻai lā e lana ana ma nā ʻano he nui. Ma waho aʻe o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā wahie mōʻalihaku, hoʻemi pū nā māla lā i ka nui o ka ea a me ka lā e hiki aku i ka ʻili o ka wai, hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau [9]. ʻO ka mahiʻai e hōʻemi ana i ka wikiwiki o ka makani a me ka lā pololei o ka pā ʻana i ka wai ma ka liʻiliʻi he 10% hiki ke hoʻopau i kahi makahiki piha o ka hoʻomehana honua [9]. Ma ke ʻano o ka biodiversity a me ka ecology, ʻaʻohe hopena maikaʻi ʻole e ʻike ʻia. hana ma ka ili o ka wai, pela e hoemi ai i ka erosion ma kapa muliwai, pale a hooulu i na mea kanu. ua hoʻokomo ʻia ma lalo o nā panela photovoltaic no ke kākoʻo ʻana i ke ola kai.[13].nā paneli photovoltaic ma ka wai hāmama ma mua o nā waihona i hana ʻia e ke kanaka. I ka emi ʻana o ka lā i loko o ka wai, hoʻemi ia i ka wikiwiki o ka photosynthesis, ka hopena i ka nui o ka phytoplankton a me macrophytes. i lalo i ke kaulahao meaʻai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, alakaʻi i nā kōkua no nā mea ola wai [14]. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia i hiki i kēia manawa, hiki i kēia ke pale i ka pōʻino hou aʻe i ka kaiaola, kahi drawback nui o nā mahiʻai lā e lana ana.
No ka mea ʻo ka lā ka kumu nui o ka ikehu, hiki ke paʻakikī ke ʻimi i nā ala e hoʻohana ai i kēia ikehu a hoʻohana iā ia i loko o ko mākou mau kaiaulu. e kūʻai a e lana ana i nā mahiʻai lā e kipa aku i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻololi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka ʻenehana ka mana nui a i ʻole ka wā e hiki mai ana. nā panela lā ma luna o nā hale. He lōʻihi loa ka hele ʻana o nā cell solar ma mua o ka lilo ʻana i mea maʻamau e like me nā lole a mākou e ʻaʻahu ai i kēlā me kēia lā. lole. I ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻenehana i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, ʻaʻole pau ka hiki o ka ʻoihana lā.
E pili ana iā Raj Shah ʻO Dr. Raj Shah he alakaʻi o ka Hui Koehler Instrument Company ma New York, kahi āna i hana ai no nā makahiki 27. He hoa koho ʻo ia e kona mau hoa hana ma IChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSMTC, Institute of Physics, Institute of Energy Research and the Royal Society of Chemistry. Ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻo Kauka Shah i ka makana maikaʻi loa "Fuels and Lubricants Handbook," nā kikoʻī i loaʻa ma ka ASTM's Long Awaited Fuels and Lubricants Handbook, 2nd Edition - July 15, 2020 - ʻO David Phillips - ʻatikala ʻo Petro Industry News - Petro Online (petro-online.com)
Ua paʻa ʻo Dr. Shah i kahi PhD ma ka ʻenekinia ʻenekinia mai ke Kulanui ʻo Penn State a me kahi hoa o ke Kula Hoʻokele Chartered, Lākana.ʻO ia hoʻi he Chartered Scientist o ka ʻAha ʻEpekema, he Chartered Petroleum Engineer o ka Energy Institute a me kahi UK Engineering Council.Dr.Ua hoʻohanohano ʻia ʻo Shah ma ke ʻano he Distinguished Engineer e Tau beta Pi, ka hui ʻenekinia nui loa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻEpekema Materials and Engineering).
He kumu aʻoaʻo ʻo Raj ma ka Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering ma SUNY Stony Brook, ua paʻi ʻo ia ma luna o 475 mau ʻatikala a ua hana ʻo ia ma ke kahua ikehu no nā makahiki 3. Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻike hou aku e pili ana iā Raj ma Koehler Instrument Company's Director. koho ʻia ma ke ʻano he hoa ma ka International Institute of Physics Petro Online (petro-online.com)
ʻO Ms. Mariz Baslious lāua ʻo Mr. Blerim Gashi nā haumāna ʻenekinia kemika ma SUNY, a ʻo Kauka Raj Shah ke noho nei ma ka papa ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo waho o ke kulanui. ʻO Mariz lāua ʻo Blerim kekahi ʻāpana o kahi papahana internship e ulu nei ma Koehler Instrument, Inc. ma Holtzville, NY, ʻo ia. paipai i nā haumāna e aʻo hou e pili ana i ka honua o nā ʻenehana ikehu ʻokoʻa.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Feb-12-2022
