'Ohi laiki kekahi kanaka mahiai ma ke kauhale o Dhundi ma ke komohana o Inia.Nā panela lāhoʻoikaika i kāna ʻume wai a lawe mai i ka loaʻa kālā keu.
I ka makahiki 2007, ua nalowale ka mahiʻai pīkī ʻo P. Ramesh, 22 makahiki. E like me ka mea maʻamau i ka hapa nui o India (a i kēia manawa), ua hoʻohana ʻo Ramesh i ka hui ʻana o nā pesticides a me nā mea kanu ma kāna ʻāina he 2.4 ʻeka ma ka moku ʻo Anantapur o hema ʻo India. He mea paʻakikī ka mahiʻai ma kēia ʻāina like me ka wao nahele, kahi e loaʻa ai ma lalo o 600mm o ka ua i nā makahiki he nui.
"Ua nalowale au i ka nui o ke kālā i ka ulu ʻana i ka pīkī ma o nā ʻano mahiʻai kemika," wahi a Ramesh, ka hua mua o kona makuakāne ma hope o kona inoa, ka mea maʻamau ma nā wahi he nui o ka hema ʻo India.
A laila i ka makahiki 2017, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i nā kemika.
ʻO ka Agroforestry ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu lāʻau perennial (nā lāʻau, nā kumu lāʻau, nā pāma, nā ʻohe, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) e pili ana i nā mea kanu (SN: 7/3/21 a me 7/17/21, p. 30). nā mea kanu a me nā pesticides me nā mea olaola e like me ka lepo pipi, ka mimi pipi a me ka jaggery (he kōpaʻa paʻa paʻa i hana ʻia mai ke kō) e hoʻonui ai i ka pae o ka lepo. ) a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, ka pīkī mua a me kekahi mau tōmato.
Me ke kōkua o Anantapur ka waiwai ole Accion Fraterna Eco-Center, e hana ana me ka poe mahiai e makemake ana e hoao i ka mahiai hoomau, Ramesh i hoohui aku i ka waiwai e kuai hou aku i ka aina, e hoonui ana i kona manao i ka eha.hectares.E like me na tausani o ka poe mahiai hooulu hou a puni o Inia, ua malama pono o Ramesh i kona lepo i hoopauia a ua hana kona mau laau hou i ka hoemi ana i ke kalapona kalapona ma o ke kokua ana i ke kalapona mai ka lewa aku.ʻO kahi hana liʻiliʻi akā koʻikoʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi hou e loaʻa i ka agroforestry kahi hiki ke hoʻopaʻa kalapona 34% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā ʻano mahiʻai maʻamau.
Ma ke komohana o India, ma ke kauhale o Dhundi ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Gujarat, ʻoi aku ma mua o 1,000 mau kilomita mai Anantapur, Pravinbhai Parmar, 36, e hoʻohana ana i kāna mau raiki e hoʻēmi i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau.nā panela lā, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hoʻohana hou i ka diesel no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kāna mau paila wai lepo.
Wahi a kahi hōʻike Carbon Management 2020, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu kalapona makahiki o India he 2.88 biliona tons e 45 a 62 miliona tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki inā hoʻololi nā mea mahiʻai āpau e like me Parmar i.mana lā.I kēia manawa, aia ma kahi o 250,000 mau puna wai i hana ʻia e ka lā ma ka ʻāina, ʻoiai ʻo ka huina o nā pauma wai honua i manaʻo ʻia ma 20-25 miliona.
ʻO ka ulu ʻana i ka meaʻai me ka hana ʻana e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea hoʻomehana honua mai nā hana mahiʻai he mea paʻakikī ia no kahi ʻāina pono e hānai i ka mea e kokoke ana e lilo i poʻe nui loa o ka honua. .Hoʻohui i ka uila i hoʻohana ʻia e ka ʻoihana mahiʻai a piʻi ka helu i 22%.
ʻO Ramesh lāua ʻo Parmar kahi ʻāpana o kahi hui liʻiliʻi o nā mahiʻai i loaʻa i ke kōkua mai nā papahana aupuni a me nā papahana ʻole e hoʻololi i ke ʻano o kā lākou mahiʻai. he ala lōʻihi e hele ai. Akā ʻo nā moʻolelo kūleʻa o kēia poʻe mahiʻai e hōʻike ana e hiki ke loli kekahi o nā mea hoʻopuka nui loa o India.
Ke ʻike nei ka poʻe mahiʻai ma India i ka hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, e pili ana i ka maloʻo, ka ua hewa ʻole a me ka piʻi pinepine ʻana o nā nalu wela a me nā ʻino ʻino. Murthy, ke poʻo o ka māhele kuleana no ke aniau, ka honua a me ka hoʻomau i ka Center for Science, Technology and Policy Research, kahi US think tank. wahi āna.
Ma nā ʻano he nui, ʻo ia ka manaʻo ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā ʻano hana mahiʻai hoʻomau a hoʻōla hou ma lalo o ka umbrella agroecology. ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kānaka ma nā ʻāina like ʻole ma India.
"ʻO ka hoʻololi koʻikoʻi iaʻu, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻano e pili ana i nā kumulāʻau a me nā mea kanu i nā makahiki i hala iho nei," wahi a Reddy. , ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hua a me nā lāʻau pono, i kumu waiwai.Ke kākoʻo nei ʻo Reddy no ka hoʻomau ʻana ma India no kahi kokoke i 50 mau makahiki mahiʻai. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano kumulāʻau, e like me ka pongamia, subabul a me avisa, loaʻa nā pono waiwai ma waho o kā lākou hua;Hāʻawi lākou i ka meaʻai no nā holoholona a me ka biomass no ka wahie.
Ua hāʻawi aku ka hui o Reddy i ke kōkua i nā ʻohana mahiʻai ʻoi aku ma mua o 60,000 no ka mahiʻai kūlohelohe a me ka agroforestry ma kahi o 165,000 mau ʻeka. hiki i kēia mau hana mahiʻai ke kōkua iā India e hoʻokō i kāna pahuhopu e hoʻokō i ka 33 pakeneka o ka ululāʻau a me ka uhi lāʻau i ka makahiki 2030 e hālāwai me kona hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau ma Paris.nā hana hoʻopaʻa kalapona ma lalo o ka ʻaelike.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hoʻonā ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mahiʻai regenerative kahi ala maʻalahi e hōʻemi ai i ke kalapona kalapona i ka lewa. ʻO ke kalapona mai ka lewa ke kumu kūʻai he $100 a $1,000 no ke tona kalapona kalapona. ʻAʻole wale kēia ʻano mahiʻai i kūpono i ke kaiapuni, wahi a Reddy, akā i ka huli ʻana o ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka mahiʻai hou, hiki i kā lākou loaʻa kālā ke piʻi pū kekahi.
Hiki i nā makahiki a i ʻole mau makahiki ke hoʻokumu i nā hana agroecological e nānā i ka hopena o ke kalapona. papahana ma Dhundi kauhale ma 2016.
"ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli nui loa i ka poʻe mahiʻai mai ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, ʻo ia ka maopopo ʻole o ka hana ʻana," wahi a Shilp Verma, ka mea noiʻi o ka wai IWMI, ka ikehu a me ka meaʻai.Inā hiki i ka poʻe mahiʻai ke pāpaʻi i ka wai o ka lepo ma ke ʻano ʻoluʻolu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kālā no ka mālama ʻana i nā kūlana palekana, hāʻawi pū ia i mea hoʻoikaika e mālama i kahi wai i ka lepo. grid," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia.Ka mana o ka lālilo i kumu waiwai.
ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka laiki, ʻoi aku ka laiki haʻahaʻa ma ka ʻāina kahe, pono ka nui o ka wai. Wahi a ka International Rice Research Institute, pono ia ma kahi o 1,432 lita o ka wai e hana ai i hoʻokahi kilokani raiki. ka pakeneka o ka nui o ka wai irrigation o ka honua, wahi a ka hui. ʻO India ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nui loa i ka wai o ka honua, ʻo ia ka 25% o ka hoʻoiho honua. pono e kūʻai i ka wahie no ka holo ʻana o nā pamu.
E hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1960, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻili wai ma India, ma ka wikiwiki o ka wikiwiki ma mua o nā wahi ʻē aʻe. ma kekahi ano a hiki i keia la.
“Ua hoʻohana mākou i 25,000 rupees [e pili ana i $330] i ka makahiki no ka holo ʻana i kā mākou mau pauma wai mana diesel.Ua ʻoki maoli kēlā i kā mākou waiwai, "wahi a Parmar. I ka makahiki 2015, i ka wā i kono ai ʻo IWMI iā ia e komo i kahi papahana hoʻokele wai lāʻau zero-carbon, ua hoʻolohe ʻo Parmar.
Mai ia manawa, ua kūʻai aku nā hoa mahiʻai ʻeono o Parmar lāua ʻo Dhundi ma mua o 240,000 kWh i ka mokuʻāina a loaʻa iā lākou ma mua o 1.5 miliona rupees ($20,000). Ua pālua ka loaʻa kālā makahiki o Parmar mai ka awelika o Rs 100,000-150,000 a i Rs 200,000,000.
Ke kōkua nei kēlā koi iā ia e hoʻonaʻauao i kāna mau keiki, ʻo kekahi o lākou e ʻimi nei i ke kēkelē ma ka mahiʻai - he hōʻailona hoʻoikaika i ka ʻāina kahi i hāʻule ʻole ai ka mahiʻai ma waena o nā hanauna ʻōpio. me ka liʻiliʻi o ka haumia a hāʻawi iā mākou i ka loaʻa kālā hou.He aha ka makemake ʻole?”
Ua aʻo ʻo Parmar i ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā panela a me ka paila iā ia ihopā wai lāa i ʻole pono e hoʻoponopono, huli lākou iā ia no ke kōkua.Haʻaheo loa wau i ko lākou kāhea ʻana mai iaʻu e kōkua me kā lākoupamu lāʻōnaehana.”
Ua holomua ka papahana IWMI ma Dhundi a ua hoʻomaka ʻo Gujarat i ka makahiki 2018 e hana hou i ka papahana no ka poʻe mahiʻai hoihoi āpau ma lalo o kahi hoʻolālā i kapa ʻia ʻo Suryashakti Kisan Yojana, ka mea i unuhi ʻia i nā papahana ikehu lā no nā mahiʻai. nā hōʻaiʻē haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka poʻe mahiʻai no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka lā.
"ʻO ka pilikia nui me ka mahiʻai akamai i ke aniau, ʻo nā mea a pau a mākou e hana ai e hōʻemi i ka wāwae kalapona," wahi a Verma hoa hana ʻo Aditi Mukherji, ka mea kākau o ka hōʻike o Pepeluali o ka Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (SN: 22/3/26, p. 7 ʻAoʻao).” ʻO ia ka paʻakikī nui loa.Pehea ʻoe e hana ai i kahi mea me kahi kapuaʻi kalapona haʻahaʻa me ka ʻole o ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka loaʻa kālā a me ka huahana?"ʻO Mukherji ke alakaʻi o ka papahana ʻāpana no ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka lā no ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka mahiʻai ma Asia Hema, kahi papahana IWMI e nānā ana i nā ʻano hoʻonā wai lā ma Asia Hema.
Ma Anantapur, "ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea kanu ma ko mākou wahi," wahi a Reddy.I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe wahi hoʻokahi i kāu laina ʻike i loaʻa ma kahi o 20 mau kumulāʻau.He hoʻololi liʻiliʻi, akā he mea nui i ko mākou maloʻo.He mea nui ia i ka ʻāina. "Ua hauʻoli ʻo Ramesh a me nā mea mahiʻai ʻē aʻe i ka loaʻa kālā paʻa o ka mahiʻai.
"I koʻu ulu ʻana i ka pī, kūʻai aku au i ka mākeke kūloko," wahi a Ramesh. Ke kūʻai pololei nei ʻo ia i nā poʻe noho kūlanakauhale ma o WhatsApp groups. mai iā ia e hālāwai me ka ulu nui o nā huaʻai a me nā huaʻai "maʻemaʻe".
"Ua maopopo iaʻu inā makemake kaʻu mau keiki, hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka mahiʻai a loaʻa ke ola maikaʻi," wahi a Ramesh.
ʻO DA Bossio et al. ʻO ke kuleana o ke kalapona lepo i nā hopena kūlohelohe kūlohelohe.Natural sustainability.roll.3, Mei 2020.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0491-z
A. Rajan et al.Carbon footprint of groundwater irrigation in India.Carbon Management, Vol.May 11, 2020.doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2020.1750265
T. Shah ma.
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jun-02-2022
