I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe wai photovoltaic (PVWPS) i ka hoihoi nui i waena o nā mea noiʻi, no ka mea, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kā lākou hana ma ka hana uila uila maʻemaʻe. nā noi e hoʻokomo i nā ʻano hana hoʻemi hoʻemi i ka pohō i hoʻohana ʻia i nā motika induction (IM). ʻO ka mana i koho ʻia e koho i ka nui o ka flux maikaʻi loa ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā poho IM. e hoemi ana i ke au kuemi;No laila, hoʻemi ʻia nā poho kaʻa a hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hoʻolālā mana i manaʻo ʻia me nā ʻano me ka ʻole o ka emi ʻana o ka pohō. wai, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka flux. Hana ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua processor-in-the-loop (PIL) ma ke ʻano he hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua o ke ʻano i manaʻo ʻia. ua like ka papa me nā hopena hoʻohālikelike helu.
ʻO ka ikehu hou, ʻoi akulāʻenehana photovoltaic, hiki ke lilo i mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe i nā wahie mōʻalihaku i loko o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe wai1,2. Ua loaʻa i nā ʻōnaehana paʻi kiʻi kiʻi nui ka nānā ʻana ma nā wahi mamao me ka ʻole o ka uila3,4.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenekini like ʻole i nā noi pumping PV. ʻO ka pae mua o PVWPS e pili ana i nā motika DC. He maʻalahi kēia mau motika e hoʻomalu a hoʻokō, akā pono lākou i ka mālama mau ʻana ma muli o ke alo o nā annotators a me nā brushes5. No ka lanakila ʻana i kēia hemahema, brushless ua hoʻokomoʻia nā motika magnet paʻa, kahi iʻikeʻia e ka brushless, kiʻekiʻe ka maikaʻi a me ka hilinaʻi6. Hoʻohālikelikeʻia me nā motika'ē aʻe,ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hanaʻana o ka PVWPS IM-based no ka mea he hilinaʻi kēia kaʻa, haʻahaʻa, mālamaʻole, a hāʻawi i nā mea hou aku no ka mana hoʻolālā7 .Hoʻohana mau ʻia nā ʻenehana Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) a me Direct Torque Control (DTC)8.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ʻo IFOC e Blaschke a me Hasse a ʻae i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wikiwiki IM ma kahi ākea ākea9,10. Ua māhele ʻia ka stator current i ʻelua mau ʻāpana, hoʻokahi e hoʻopuka i ka flux magnetic a hoʻohua kekahi i ka torque ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka dq coordinate system. ʻO ka mana kūʻokoʻa o ka flux a me ka torque ma lalo o ke kūlana paʻa a me nā kūlana hoʻoikaika. Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Axis (d) me ka vector space rotor flux, kahi e komo ai ka ʻāpana q-axis o ka vector space rotor flux i zero. Hāʻawi ka FOC i ka pane maikaʻi a wikiwiki hoʻi. ,12, akā naʻe, paʻakikī kēia ʻano a pili i nā ʻano like ʻole 13. No ka lanakila ʻana i kēia mau hemahema, ua hoʻokomo ʻo Takashi a me Noguchi14 i ka DTC, nona ka hana hoʻoikaika kiʻekiʻe a paʻa a emi ʻole i ka hoʻololi ʻana. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena i kahi mea hoʻohālikelike hysteresis e hoʻohua i ka vector volta kūpono e hoʻomalu ai.ʻelua stator flux a me torque.
ʻO ka pilikia nui o kēia hoʻolālā mana ka nui o ka torque a me ka flux fluctuations ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoponopono hysteresis no ka stator flux a me ka electromagnetic torque regulation15,42. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻololi multilevel e hōʻemi i ka ripple, akā ua hoʻemi ʻia ka pono e ka helu o nā hoʻololi mana16. Ua hoʻohana kekahi mau mea kākau i ka modulation vector space (SWM) 17, ka mana sliding mode control (SMC) 18, ʻo ia nā ʻenehana ikaika akā loaʻa i nā hopena jittering maikaʻi ʻole 19. Ua hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi he nui i nā ʻenehana akamai no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana hoʻokele, ma waena o lākou, (1) neural. pūnaewele, kahi hoʻolālā hoʻomalu e koi ana i nā kaʻina hana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻokō20, a (2) genetic algorithms21.
He paʻa ka mana Fuzzy, kūpono no nā hoʻolālā hoʻomalu nonlinear, a ʻaʻole koi i ka ʻike o ke kumu hoʻohālike pololei. Ua komo pū me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā poloka logic fuzzy ma kahi o nā mea hoʻoponopono hysteretic a hoʻololi i nā papa koho e hōʻemi i ka flux a me ka torque ripple. Hāʻawi nā DTC ma muli o FLC i ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi22, akā ʻaʻole lawa e hoʻonui i ka pono o ka ʻenekini, no laila pono nā ʻenehana hoʻokele loop optimization.
I ka nui o nā haʻawina mua, ua koho nā mea kākau i ka flux mau e like me ka flux reference, akā ʻaʻole kēia koho o ka kuhikuhi i ka hana kūpono.
ʻO nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe-efficiency kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa e koi i ka wikiwiki a me ka pololei o ka pane wikiwiki. Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, no kekahi mau hana, hikiʻole i ka mana ke kūpono, no lailaʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pono o ka'ōnaehana hoʻokele. Hiki ke loaʻa ka hana maikaʻi ma ka hoʻohanaʻana. he kuhikuhi flux loli i ka wā o ka ʻōnaehana.
Nui nā mea kākau i manaʻo i kahi mea hoʻoponopono hulina (SC) e hōʻemi i nā poho ma lalo o nā kūlana ukana like ʻole (e like me in27) e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka mīkini. reference. Akā naʻe, ke hoʻolauna nei kēia ʻano hana i ka ripple torque ma muli o nā oscillations i loaʻa i ka flux air-gap, a ʻo ka hoʻokō ʻana o kēia ʻano hana he manawa-ʻai a me ka helu ʻana i ka waiwai. paʻa i ka minima kūloko, e alakaʻi ana i ka maikaʻi ʻole o ke koho ʻana i nā ʻāpana mana29.
Ma kēia pepa, ua manaʻo ʻia kahi ʻenehana e pili ana i ka FDTC e koho i ka flux magnetic maikaʻi loa ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā poho kaʻa. No laila, he mea maʻalahi loa ia no nā noi pahū wai photovoltaic.
Eia kekahi, hana ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua processor-in-the-loop o ke ʻano i manaʻo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka papa STM32F4 ma ke ʻano he hōʻoia hoʻokolohua. , pili ka papa hoʻololi FT232RL USB-UART me ka STM32F4, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i kahi kikowaena kamaʻilio waho no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi port serial virtual (COM port) ma ke kamepiula.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hana o PVWPS me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana i manaʻo ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana PV me ka ʻole o ka emi ʻana o ka pohō ma lalo o nā kūlana hana like ʻole. ʻO nā hopena i loaʻa i hōʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana wai photovoltaic i manaʻo ʻia i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā poho stator a me ke keleawe, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka flux a me ka wai paila.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke koena o ka pepa penei: Hāʻawi ʻia ke ʻano hoʻohālike o ka ʻōnaehana i manaʻo ʻia ma ka ʻāpana "Modeling of Photovoltaic Systems". wehewehe kikoʻī. Ua kūkākūkā ʻia nā ʻike ma ka ʻāpana "Simulation Results". Ma ka ʻāpana "PIL testing with the STM32F4 discovery board", wehewehe ʻia ka hoʻokolohua processor-in-the-loop. Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o kēia pepa ma ka " Paukū hopena.
Hōʻike ka Figure 1 i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻōnaehana i manaʻo ʻia no kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe wai PV kū hoʻokahi. Aia ka ʻōnaehana i kahi pānaʻi centrifugal IM-based, kahi kiʻi photovoltaic, ʻelua mau mea hoʻololi mana [boost converter and voltage source inverter (VSI)]. Ma kēia ʻāpana. , hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano hoʻohālike o ka ʻōnaehana wai photovoltaic i aʻo ʻia.
Hoʻohana kēia pepa i ke ʻano hoʻohālike hoʻokahi-diode olākiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka cell PV e hōʻike ʻia e 31, 32, a me 33.
No ka hana ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana, hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea hoʻololi hoʻoikaika. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā mea hoʻokomo a me nā puka puka o ka mea hoʻololi DC-DC e hāʻawi ʻia e ka Equation 34 ma lalo:
Hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ke kŘkohu makemakika o IM ma ka papa kuhikuhi (α,β) e nā hoohalike 5,40:
Kahi \(l_{s }\),\(l_{r}\): stator a me rotor inductance, M: hoʻokomo like, \(R_{s }\), \(I_{s }\): stator resistance and stator Ka manawa, \(R_{r}\), \(I_{r }\): ke kū'ē rotor a me ke au o ka rotor, \(\phi_{s}\), \(V_{s}\): ke ku'i a me ka stator. ka uila , \(\phi_{r}\), \(V_{r}\): ka holo ana o ka rotor a me ka voluma rotor.
Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka pahu hoʻouka centrifugal pump e like me ka huinahā o ka wikiwiki IM e:
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mana o ka ʻōnaehana wai i manaʻo ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka hapa mua e pili ana i ka ʻenehana MPPT. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻelua e pili ana i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka IM ma muli o ka mana torque pololei o ka fuzzy logic control. ʻO DTC e pili ana i ka FLC e hiki ai ke hoʻoholo i nā fluxes kuhikuhi.
Ma kēia hana, hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻenehana P&O ʻano hoʻololi no ka nānā ʻana i ka mana kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka manaʻo nui o DTC ʻo ia ka hoʻomalu pono ʻana i ka flux a me ka torque o ka mīkini, akā ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā regulators hysteresis no ka electromagnetic torque a me ka stator flux regulation e hopena i ka kiʻekiʻe a me ka ripple flux. ʻO ke ala DTC (Fig. 7), a hiki i ka FLC ke hoʻomohala i nā moku'āina vector inverter.
Ma kēia ʻanuʻu, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka mea hoʻokomo i nā ʻano like ʻole ma o nā hana lālā (MF) a me nā huaʻōlelo linguistic.
ʻO nā hana lālā ʻekolu no ka hoʻokomo mua (εφ) he ʻino (N), maikaʻi (P), a me ka ʻole (Z), e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 3.
ʻO nā hana lālā ʻelima no ka hoʻokomo ʻelua (\(\varepsilon\)Tem) ʻo ia ka Negative Large (NL) Negative Small (NS) Zero (Z) Positive Small (PS) a me Positive Large (PL), e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 4.
He 12 mau ʻāpana ka stator flux trajectory, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ka hui fuzzy e kahi hana lālā isosceles triangular, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 5.
Papa 1 pūʻulu 180 fuzzy lula e hoʻohana ana i nā hana lālā komo e koho i nā mokuʻāina hoʻololi kūpono.
Hana ʻia ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike me ka ʻenehana a Mamdani. Hāʻawi ʻia ka helu kaumaha (\(\ alpha_{i}\)) o ka lula i-th e:
kahi\(\mu Ai \hema( {e\varphi } \akau)\),\(\mu Bi\hema( {eT} \akau) ,\) \(\mu Ci\left( \theta \akau) \): ʻO ka waiwai o ka lālā o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe magnetic, torque a me ka stator flux angle hewa.
Hōʻike ka Figure 6 i nā waiwai koi i loaʻa mai nā waiwai fuzzy me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe i manaʻo ʻia e Eq.(20).
Ma ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka pono kaʻa, hiki ke hoʻonuiʻia ka holoʻana o ke kahe, aʻo ia ka mea e hoʻonui ai i ka paila wai i kēlā me kēia lā (Figure 7).
Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia he mea nui ka waiwai o ka puʻu magnetic no ka pono o ke kaʻa.
No laila, pili pono ka emi ʻana o nā poho i ke koho ʻana o ka pae flux.
ʻO ke ala i manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā poho Joule e pili ana i ke kahe o kēia manawa ma nā wili stator i loko o ka mīkini. hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e like me kēia (e nānā ʻole i nā poho kumu):
Ua helu 'ia ka torque electromagnetic\(C_{em}\) a me ka rotor flux\(\phi_{r}\) ma ka dq coordinate system penei:
Ua helu ʻia ka torque electromagnetic\(C_{em}\) a me ka rotor flux\(\phi_{r}\) ma ke kuhikuhi (d,q) penei:
ma ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hoohalike.(30), hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ke au stator maikaʻi loa e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka flux rotor maikaʻi loa a me nā poho liʻiliʻi.
Ua hanaʻia nā hoʻohālike likeʻole me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka polokalamu MATLAB / Simulink e loiloi i ka ikaika a me ka hanaʻana o kaʻenehana i manaʻoʻia. ua hōʻike ʻia kona mau ʻāpana ʻano ma ka Papa 3. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana PV pumping ma ka Papa 4.
Ma kēia ʻāpana, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana wai photovoltaic e hoʻohana ana i ka FDTC me kahi kuhikuhi flux mau me kahi ʻōnaehana i manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i ka flux maikaʻi (FDTCO) ma lalo o nā kūlana hana like.
Hōʻike kēia ʻāpana i ka manaʻo hoʻomaka o ka ʻōnaehana pamu e pili ana i ka insolation rate o 1000 W / m2. Hōʻike ka Figure 8e i ka pane wikiwiki uila. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me FDTC, hāʻawi ka ʻenehana i manaʻo ʻia i kahi manawa ala maikaʻi aʻe, a hiki i ke kūlana paʻa ma 1.04 s, a me ka FDTC, hiki i ke kulana pa'a ma 1.93 s. Hō'ike ka Figure 8f i ka pahū 'ana o nā ho'olālā mana 'elua. Hiki ke 'ike 'ia ka ho'onui 'ana o ka FDTCO i ka nui o ka paila, e wehewehe ana i ka ho'omaika'i 'ana i ka ikehu i ho'ololi 'ia e ka IM.Figures 8g. a ʻo 8h e hōʻike ana i ke kaha stator kaha. Ke hana nei ʻo PVPWS i kahi kahe kuhikuhi mau o 1.2 Wb, ʻoiai ma ke ʻano i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo ka flux kuhikuhi ʻo 1 A, e pili ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o ka ʻōnaehana photovoltaic.
(a)Ka lāpāhawewe (b) Wehe i ka mana (c) Po'ai hana (d) Volta ka'a ka'a DC (e) Ka wikiwiki o ka Rotor (f) Pa'i wai (g) Ke au o ke au o ka stator no FDTC (h) ke au o ka manawa Stator no FDTCO (i) Pane ka flux me FLC (j) Pane Flux me ka FDTCO (k) Stator flux trajectory me ka FDTC (l) Stator flux trajectory me ka FDTCO.
ʻO kalāʻokoʻa ka radiation mai 1000 a 700 W / m2 ma 3 kekona a laila i 500 W / m2 ma 6 kekona (Fig. 8a). Hōʻike ka Figure 8b i ka mana photovoltaic pili no 1000 W / m2, 700 W / m2 a me 500 W / m2 Hōʻike nā kiʻi 8c a me 8d i ka pōʻaiapili duty a me ka DC link voltage. Hōʻike ka Figure 8e i ka wikiwiki uila o IM, a hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo he ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki a me ka manawa pane o ka ʻenehana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka FDTC-based photovoltaic system.Figure 8f hōʻike i ka paila wai no nā pae irradiance like ʻole i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka FDTC a me ka FDTCO. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka ʻoi aku o ka pumping me FDTCO ma mua o FDTC. Hōʻike nā kiʻi 8g a me 8h i nā pane i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano FDTC a me ka hoʻolālā mana i manaʻo ʻia. , Ho'emi 'ia ka amplitude o kēia manawa, 'o ia ho'i ka emi'ana o ke keleawe, no laila e ho'onui ai i ka pono o ka'ōnaehana.ʻO ka flux maikaʻi loa e hōʻoia i ka hoʻemi ʻia ʻana o nā poho, no laila, hōʻike ka ʻenehana i manaʻo ʻia i kāna hana. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka Figure 8i, ua mau ka flux, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ka hana maikaʻi. Hōʻike ʻo 8l i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka flux maikaʻi loa a wehewehe i ka manaʻo nui o ka hoʻolālā mana i manaʻo ʻia.
He hoololi kokelāua hoʻohana ʻia ka radiation, e hoʻomaka ana me kahi irradiance o 1000 W / m2 a emi koke i 500 W / m2 ma hope o 1.5 s (Fig. 9a). Hōʻike ka 9b i ka mana photovoltaic i unuhi ʻia mai nā panela photovoltaic, e pili ana i 1000 W / m2 a me 500. W/m2. Nā kiʻi 9c a me 9d e hōʻike ana i ka pōʻaiapili hana a me ka DC link voltage. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Fig. 9e, ʻo ke ʻano i manaʻo ʻia e hāʻawi i ka manawa pane maikaʻi. me FDTCO ua kiʻekiʻe ma mua o FDTC, pumping 0.01 m3 / s ma 1000 W / m2 irradiance i hoʻohālikelikeʻia me 0.009 m3 / s me FDTC;Eia kekahi, i ka manawa o ka irradiance 500 W At / m2, FDTCO pumped 0.0079 m3 / s, oiai FDTC pumped 0.0077 m3 / s.Figures 9g a me 9h.Describes i kēia manawa pane simulated me ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka FDTC ala a me ka manao mana strategy.We hiki ke hoomaopopo i keia. hōʻike ka hoʻolālā mana i manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻemi ʻia ka amplitude o kēia manawa ma lalo o nā hoʻololi irradiance abrupt, e hopena i ka hoʻemi ʻana o ke keleawe. hōʻike i kāna hana me ka flux o 1Wb a me ka irradiance o 1000 W / m2, ʻoiai ʻO ka flux he 0.83Wb a ʻo ka irradiance he 500 W / m2. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka Fig. 9i, he mau ka flux ma 1.2 Wb, ʻaʻole ia. Hōʻike nā kiʻi 9k a me 9l i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka stator flux trajectory. Hōʻike ka Figure 9l i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka flux maikaʻi loa a wehewehe i ka manaʻo nui o ka hoʻolālā mana i manaʻo ʻia a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana pumping i manaʻo ʻia.
(a)Ka lāpāhawewe (b) mana i unuhi ʻia (c) pōʻaiapili hana (d) uila kaʻa kaʻa DC (e) ka wikiwiki o ka Rotor (f) Kahe wai (g) ʻO kēia manawa ka māhele stator no FDTC (h) ʻĀpana manawa stator no FDTCO (i) ) Pane ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana. FLC (j) Pane Flux me ka FDTCO (k) Stator flux trajectory me FDTC (l) Stator flux trajectory me ka FDTCO.
Hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻenehana ʻelua e pili ana i ka waiwai flux, amplitude o kēia manawa a me ka pumping ma ka Papa 5, e hōʻike ana i ka PVWPS i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ʻenehana i manaʻo ʻia e hāʻawi i ka hana kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kahe ʻana a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka amplitude o kēia manawa a me nā poho, ʻo ia ke kumu. i ka koho flux maikaʻi loa.
No ka hōʻoia a hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hoʻolālā mana i manaʻo ʻia, hana ʻia kahi hoʻāʻo PIL ma muli o ka papa STM32F4. Loaʻa ia i ka code generating e hoʻouka ʻia a holo ma ka papa i hoʻokomo ʻia. Aia i ka papa kahi microcontroller 32-bit me 1 MB Flash, 168 MHz ke alapine o ka uaki, ka ʻāpana lana, nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi DSP, 192 KB SRAM. I kēia hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua hana ʻia kahi poloka PIL i hoʻomohala ʻia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana mana i loaʻa ka code i hana ʻia ma muli o ka STM32F4 discovery hardware board a hoʻokomo ʻia i ka polokalamu Simulink. Hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua PIL e hoʻohana ʻia me ka papa STM32F4 ma ke Kiʻi 10.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka co-simulation PIL me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka STM32F4 ma ke ʻano he kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa e hōʻoia i ka ʻenehana i manaʻo ʻia.
Hoʻokō ʻia ka mea hope me Simulink a hoʻololi i ka ʻike i ka wā co-simulation me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano PVWPS i manaʻo ʻia. Hōʻike ka Figure 12 i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka subsystem ʻenehana optimization ma STM32F4.
ʻO ke ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi wale nō i manaʻo ʻia i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia co-simulation, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea hoʻololi mana nui no kēia hana e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano hoʻomalu o kahi ʻōnaehana pahū wai photovoltaic.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Apr-15-2022
